Alternative Names primary polycythemia, polycythemia rubra vera
Definition
Polycythemia vera is a blood cancer
that causes red blood cells to multiply. White blood cells and platelets may also multiply.
What is going on in the body?
Polycythemia vera causes the red blood cells to multiply to abnormal numbers. Red blood cells are the oxygen-carrying cells of the body. Other cells of the blood can also multiply. White blood cells, the infection fighting cells in the body, and platelets, which help blood to clot, are also usually affected.
What are the signs and symptoms of the disease?
Symptoms of polycythemia vera are often related to the abnormally high number of blood cells. Symptoms usually come on gradually, and may include:
Some people have no symptoms at all, and the diagnosis is made incidentally when a blood test is done for other reasons.
What are the causes and risks of the disease?
The cause of polycythemia vera is unknown. It is slightly more common in those who are of Jewish descent. Men are more commonly affected than women. More than 95% of cases occur in people older than 40 years of age.
What can be done to prevent the disease?
There is no known prevention for polycythemia vera.
How is the disease diagnosed?
The diagnosis of polycythemia vera may be suspected after a history and physical exam. A blood test called a complete blood count (CBC) is the first step in making the diagnosis. This test counts the number of each of the kinds of blood cells. A person with polycythemia vera has an elevated red blood cell count, and usually has elevated white blood cell and platelet counts as well.
Other blood tests, such as a vitamin B12 level or an erythropoietin level, may also be done. Often, a procedure called a bone marrow biopsy is done to help confirm the diagnosis. This involves inserting a large hollow-bore needle through the skin of the upper buttock area and into a wing of the pelvic bone, or into the sternum (breast bone). The needle is used to take a sample of bone marrow, the soft material found inside certain bones where blood cells are made. The sample of marrow can be sent to the lab for examination and special testing.
What are the long-term effects of the disease?
After diagnosis and treatment, most people with polycythemia vera live nine years or more. Without treatment, a person may only live a few years. This cancer increases the risk of life-threatening blood clots and bleeding. In some cases, polycythemia vera may transform into acute leukemia, a more aggressive blood cancer.
What are the risks to others?
Polycythemia vera is not contagious, and poses no risk to others.
What are the treatments for the disease?
Treatment does not cure polycythemia vera. The goal of treatment is to thin the blood enough to decrease the risk of clots and abnormal bleeding. One of the main treatments is to remove some of the person's blood, in a procedure called phlebotomy. The person has blood removed regularly to keep it from getting too thick. A needle is inserted through the skin and into a vein, usually in the hand or forearm. Blood is then removed with the needle.
Chemotherapy
is also used in some cases to improve survival. Aspirin can be given to help decrease the risk of blood clots.
What are the side effects of the treatments?
Aspirin can cause allergic reactions, stomach upset, and kidney damage.
Chemotherapy
can cause many different side effects, including nausea
and damage to the kidney or liver. Removing blood can be painful and may result in an infection. If too much blood is removed, a person may feel weak and tired.
What happens after treatment for the disease?
Most people die from polycythemia vera or its complications, with or without treatment. Treatment can allow a person to live longer in most cases, but cannot cure the cancer.
How is the disease monitored?
A CBC is done regularly to monitor blood cells counts and to guide further therapy. Other monitoring is related to any complications that occur, such as blood clots. Any new or worsening symptoms should be reported to the healthcare professional.
Author: James Broomfield, MD Date Written: 10/01/99 Medical Review: Kenneth Stevens, MD Date Written: 11/14/2006 Reviewer: Reginald Finger, MD Date Reviewed: 1/10/2007
Contributors
Potential conflict of interest information for reviewers available on request
